>> GENEALOG File: cheroke1 >> >> From VAX2.UTULSA.EDU!MES Fri Jan 8 16:17:26 1993 >> From: MES@VAX2.UTULSA.EDU (MELODIE SANDERS) >> Subject: Cherokee research file for GENEALOG 10/27/92 Following this message will be a three-part posting on Cherokee Indians. The first two-parts will be a article which trys to give an overview of Cherokee Indian history and some tips for searching Cherokee genealogy. The third part will be a selected bibliography of what I consider the major sources for researching the Cherokee. I have attempted to exclude rare and hard-to-find sources. Hopefully, all or most of the sources will be available somewhere for Interlibrary Loan. If you wish to purchase the sources, my favorite bookseller here in Tulsa, OK gave me permission to give you her name, etc. She does mail orders and has contacts with many of the authors who self publish in the area of Cherokee Indian materials. She is also a Cherokee genealogist. Mary O'Brien Bookshop 2313 East Admiral Blvd. Tulsa, OK 74110 (918) 587-9338 (MTThF 9-5:30?) Melodie Joni Ciarletta asked: > My great-great grandfather was 100% Cherokee indian. Apparently > his parents were killed in a war, and he was adopted by another > family. I cannot locate any information on his real parents or on > his adopted parents. His parents went by the last name of Estes > (does that sound very indian?). He was born around 1857, and died > in 1949. Somewhere in between, he was adopted by a family named > Hensley, and went by that name himself. I imagine that he must > have been adopted while still a child, between 1857 and 1877 or so. Can you give a range or specific dates when his parents died? The Cherokee were involved in just about every U.S. War and had quite a few of their own... If they died in or around the 1857-1877s, it could have been the conflict between the Ridge and Ross factions. Or, the Civil War, or the conflicts with the Osage, or Georgia militia, or Mexican War. Which would depend on their location in North America. For adoption records, you need to know if the family adopting was white or Cherokee. If Cherokee, you are out of luck. The traditional Cherokee considered the whole clan their immediate family. A child of a clan was rarely without "immediate" family. If the child was of mixed blood and part of the Anglo-Indian culture, there could be records in the white records (ie county records) IF they were in a state which kept records that far back. Also, church records might be of use. The missionaries kept some records and sent reports. How much you find will depend on where they lived and whether their culture was traditional Cherokee or white or somewhere between. > I am very ignorant when it comes to american history, so I don't > know what war his parents could have been killed in. One of the > indian wars, perhaps? Particularly since BOTH parents were killed? > Where might I look for information on this? I have access to the > LDS library here in L.A. Do they keep this sort of information > there? I have attempted in the accompanying messages to present some of the more important events in Cherokee history. The bibliography will give you sources to familiarize yourself with the background information you need to know. (You don't need to read the whole list!) One problem you will have is, unless you Great-Great Grandfather was located in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma or on the Eastern Band of Cherokees lands, he may not show up in any of the "official" records of the Cherokee. There were residency strings attached to many of the records. If he was raised away from the tribes and by a white family, he may only be in white records. If you will send his full name(s), dates, and places (estimate if you don't know). I will check to see if I can come up with anything in the sources that I have available. As you will see when you read the following postings, many Cherokee had "white" names. > Any information you can provide would be appreciated. I don't have > much time to read the net, so if anyone has any suggestions, please > send me email directly. I will post a summary of responses. I am sending a copy of this message directly to you and to the discussion group, ROOTS-L, for others interested in Cherokee research. Melodie Sanders Internet: MES@VAX2.UTULSA.EDU Serials Cataloger/Reference Librarian University of Tulsa (Oklahoma) ************************************************************************* BACKGROUND SKETCHES OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS compiled by Melodie Sanders 26 October 1992 Part I: Attempting to write a brief history or overview is difficult due to the complexities of history and culture. It would be far easier to write a very lengthy book or a series of books. Many books have been written which explain the trials and tribulations that the Cherokee both had inflicted upon them and have inflicted upon themselves. Rather than writing an article, I will try to limit this to quotes from a few illustrative histories. Nevertheless, this is a LONG posting. The sources quoted are listed at the end of this posting. A selected bibliography including the major genealogies and sources follows in a separate posting. Genealogy To search for Cherokee Indian ancesters, it is most effective if you already have the people's names, dates, and places. Obviously, that is easier said than done. So, a list of your family's names (as full as possible) with some type of date (even approximate) and a place (even approximate) of where they were makes searching the source documents easier (and faster). Also if you have family stories that can be briefly outlined, they sometimes give clues. Keep in mind, that the Cherokee did not always use Anglo names. Many of the Cherokee had a Anglo name, a nickname/use name, and a Cherokee name similtaneously. On many of the official records, any of the above names might be used. The Cherokee language names would frequently be phonetically spelled. Also, any of the names could change entirely if a significant event to the person or his/her family occurred. This is compounded by the dual cultures which the Cherokee lived in. The traditional Cherokee culture was matrilineal and the acculturated Anglo-Cherokee culture was patrilineal. Family relationships sometimes have different meanings depending if the person was referring to the person using a "Cherokee" perspective or "White" perspective. In the traditional Cherokee clan structure, everyone in the clan was immediate family. Orphans were incorporated into other family groups within the clan without any special distinction from other children of that specific family group. Something to keep in mind, many times family members claiming "Cherokee" Indian ancestry, actually may not know which Indian tribe, if any, the ancester was. Cherokees because they were "civilized" and followed the Anglo ways, were a bit more acceptible socially than other "wild" Indian tribal groups. If your ancestors were in areas other than Oklahoma, North Carolina, Tennessee, or Georgia, it may be that they were of another tribe. During the early part of this century, after the "wild" Indians had been stashed away on reservations, it became a bit more acceptable to claim Indian blood. It didn't hurt that the Osage Indians (the only reservation Indians in Oklahoma) had struck oil and were becoming quite rich. Still most, if they were claiming Indian blood, claimed Cherokee. Thomas Mooney, an expert on Cherokee research, says: " Your search should begin with the Final (Dawes) Rolls of the Cherokees, the Guion Miller Roll of the Eastern Cherokees, the Old Settler Payment Roll of 1896, and Emmet Starr's book, History of the Cherokee Indians. It is my experience that failure to find your ancestor in any of these sources leaves almost no hope of locating your family on any Western Cherokee roll. On the other hand, a successful search of these sources is a good indication that your family may be found on several other rolls. " The citation for his guide follows: Exploring your Cherokee ancestry : a basic genealogical research guide / Thomas G. Mooney. (Tahlequah, OK : Cherokee National Historical Society, 1987). If you plan to research Cherokee ancestry, I recommend purchasing the guide from the Cherokee Museum, Tahlequah, OK 74464 (I can't remember the price but it wasn't too much, also this should be enough address to get there.) This guide tells you how to research Cherokee ancestry and how to apply for certificate of degree of Indian blood, etc. Bob Blankenship's guide on the Eastern Band and on the Western Cherokee, also gives the information on getting on to the Cherokee tribal rolls. Cherokee roots / Bob Blankenship. 2nd ed. (Cherokee, NC : Author, 1992). Contents: v. 1. Eastern Cherokee rolls (includes: 1817 Reservation Rolls, 1817-1835 Emigration Roll, 1835 Henderson Roll, 1848 Mullay Roll, 1851 Siler Roll, 1852 Chapman Roll, 1869 Swetland Roll, 1883 Hester Roll, 1908 Churchill Roll, 1909 Guion Miller East, 1924 Baker Roll, Enrollment procedures of Eastern Band -- v. 2. Western Cherokee rolls (includes: 1851 Old Settler Roll, 1852 Drennen Roll by family name, 1898-1914 Combination Dawes and Guion Miller Rolls, Enrollment procedures of the Cherokee Nation. Thomas Mooney also recommends beginning your search using the most recent rolls and working your way back. (Sound familiar?) Many of the later rolls cite an individual's entry on an earlier roll usually by the roll number. Thus, one can sometimes find earlier entries inspite of the name problems. If your people do not show up in the recent rolls, my suggestion is to try to track ancestors in Anglo records until you have enough information about them to confirm or disprove your story. (It makes me think of someone who told me, you have to know the information before you can find it!) When using the tribal rolls, one must keep in mind their limitations. These records were usually intended to document some payment or other transaction between the government and tribe. Most rolls cover a limited geographic area or a limited group of the tribe. Also remember, the censuses and rolls frequently were associated with either loss of property or rights. If you had intruders in your country coming up and asking a lot of personal questions about your home and finances, and you knew these people couldn't be trusted to not use the information against you, would you answer truthfully, if at all? The Final rolls, or as they are also known, the Dawes Commission Rolls is the major census of the Western Cherokee which has been done in this century. The indexes to it were published around the time of about 1906. The bound index is a rather rare volume, but it has been reproduced on microfilm at the National Archives. Also Bob Blankenship's new edition has an index to the Dawes Rolls. The Final Rolls themselves are available from the National Archives on microfilm in three rolls. The other 20th century rolls are the Guion Miller Roll (on NA microfilm and indexed in Bob Blankenship's new edition), the Baker Roll of 1924 (in Cherokee roots), the Churchill Roll of 1908 (in Cherokee roots), Council Roll of Eastern Band of Cherokee, 1907 (National Archives). The Guion Miller Eastern Cherokee Applications, 1906, can be found on National Archives Microfilm Publication #M-1104, rolls, 1-348. Also, the National Archives at Ft.Worth has the "packets" which back up the Dawes Commission rolls. These packets consist of the transcripts of the interviews (very eye-opening!), any documentation required such as proof of marriages, births, and deaths. ************************************************* THE CHEROKEE ************************************************* The Cherokee tribe is divided into two major groups, the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (North Carolina). Cherokee Indian groups also settled in Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, and Mexico. The Eastern Band of Cherokee ... "The Cherokee first came into contact with the white man (DeSoto in 1540), they claimed 135,000 square miles of territory covering parts of eight states; North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia and West Virginia. By the end of the Revolution the Cherokees had lost about half of their land. Between 1785 and 1835 the Cherokee lands has [sic] shrunk to a few million acres. By the treaty of New Echota in 1835, all lands east of the Mississippi were ceded to the Federal government. (Of the 40 treaties executed with the Cherokees, the Federal government chose to break each and every one.) Under Article 12 of this Treaty, as amended, provided that such Cherokees as were adverse to removal could become citizens and remain in the State of North Carolina (about 1,200)." (Blankenship, 1st ed.) "The status of those who remained in the state was anomalous. Their connection with the main of the Cherokee Tribe which had removed to lands west of the Mississippi were severed. They became subject to the laws of the State of North Carolina while not admitted to the rights of citizenship. any interest in the lands formerly held by the Tribe in North Carolina had become divested by the Treaty and even their rights to self-government had ended. North Carolina later granted a charter to the Cherokees authorizing them to exercise limited powers of self- government." (Blankenship, 1st ed.) "Pressure to force removal of this remnant of Cherokees continued. Funds due them were withheld by the United States Government unless they would remove to the Indian Territory or, would secure an act of the Legislature of Nroth Carolina permitting them to remain permanently within the State. A statute was passed in 1866 granting this permission." (Blankenship, 1st ed.) "By the purchases of an agent, the Eastern Band of cherokee Indians had acquired the right to possession of a tract of land in North Carolina, and by the North Carolina Statute of 1866, they had acquired, with the approval of the United States Government, permission to remain in the State. Many lawsuits followed and continued until the conveyance of title to lands of the Eastern Band as a corporation to the United States in 1925." (Blankenship, 1st ed.) "... To be considered a reservation, a land area would have to have been owned by the Government and set aside as a reserve for a specific use or purpose. Lands of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians were never owned by the Federal Government, but, were purchased by the Indians and are held in trust as a corporation with the United States Government." (Blankenship, 1st ed.) (I.e. there are no Cherokee reservations as such. There are tribal lands. Also, there are no Cherokee princesses!) "... The latest official enrollment was conducted in 1974. There were 8,381 enrolled members with 5,550 living on Eastern Band of Cherokee lands and 2,831 residing off Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians lands." (Blankenship, 1st ed.) And the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma ... The Cherokee began migrating West with the first of the treaties in the 1790s, and ended with the coming of a handful of North Carolina Cheokees during the 1880s. The early settlers to the Arkansas-Oklahoma area fought the Osage for the land. Encouraged by William Lovely, a U.S. government agent, in 1816, the Osage, Quapaw, and Cherokee made a treaty. The Cherokee-Osage conflict continued for over a decade after this treaty was made. (Holm) "In the period 1819 to 1827 Cherokee leaders launched a program designed to forestall the Georgia legislature from taking action against their people. Nonetheless, several vicious attacks were made on the Cherokee poeple by the whites who referred to the Indian people as 'savage,' 'uncivilized' and lacking in the ability to assimilate into the mainstream society. To counteract these attacks and to convince the United States government that the charges were untrue, the Cherokees threw open all previous barriers to missionaries desirous of converting them and teaching them the white ways. ... In government the tribe established a court system, a legislative body, a permanent capitol and in 1827 adopted a new constitution based on the *United States Constitution*" (Holm) BACKGROUND SKETCHES OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS compiled by Melodie Sanders 26 October 1992 Part II: [The Cherokee cont.] "... In his first annual message to the Congress delivered in 1829, [Andrew] Jackson called for the removal of all Southeastern tribes to the lands across the Mississippi. Within two weeks after Jackson had made his remarks, the Georgia legislature passed a series of oppressive laws aimed at driving all Indians from the state. One statute provided for the annexation of a large tract of Cherokee land on which gold had been discovered and nullified Cherokee law within its limits. Another law prohibited the Cherokee legislature from meeting and made any other Indian assembly illegal exept to discuss removal. Other acts provided for the arrest of Cherokees who influenced their people to reject removal, made it illegal for an Indian to testify against a white man and voided all contracts made between Indians and whites unless witnessed by at least two white persons..." (Holm) "Cherokee leaders Principal Chief John Ross, Major Ridge, John Ridge and Elias Boudinot were adamantly opposed to removal." The Cherokee went to court to attempt to prove the Georgia legislature violated their sovereignty as a nation. Chief Justice John Marshall denied the injunction. "During the gold rush many [Cherokee] had been forcibly evicted from their homes by some of the worst elements of Georgia society..." The Georgia guard sent to "protect" the Cherokee, attacked them and forced them from their homes. The missionaires were arrested, and outrage upon outrage perpetrated on the people. (Holm) On December 29, 1835, the Treaty of New Echota was signed by Elias Boudinot, Major Ridge, and John Ridge. Some have implied they accepted government bribes or were deceived into signing this final removal treaty. Tom Holm states that, "More likely these leaders succumbed to the overwhelming white force ... Perhaps they believed they could sign the treaty, move to the West and be rid of the pressure put upon them by the white people." (Holm) "The Principal Chief [John Ross] continued to protest the treaty, and ... Ross lobbied in Washington. When Congress and the President had ratified the Treaty of New Echota, and it seemed that all was lost, he nevertheless continued bargaining and desperately tried to gain time. Finally Ross simply complied with the majority Cherokee will and refused to move. Reacting to the Cherokee actions, Jackson in 1836 sent troops to disarm and remove the Cherokees to the West and the nuna dat suhn'yi [Trail of Tears] had begun." (Holm) "One estimate stated that about 4,000 Cherokees, or approximately one-fourth of the entire tribe east of the Mississippi River, died either in the stockades or along the trail to Indian Territory." (Holm) "... by the time the last groups had arrived in the Indian Territory, three distinct factions were formed among the Cherokee people: ... 'Old Settlers' was made up of those persons who had come before the 1830s; ... members of the Treaty party and early adherents to the Treaty of New Echota; and ... John Ross and those who came from the East during the 1838-1839 removal. Ross's followers were bitter and irreconcilably angered with the Treaty party ... " (Holm) "...June 22, 1839 ... three of the principle signers of the Treaty of New Echota were killed ... John Ridge ... Major Ridge ... and Elias Boudinot ... The assassinations set off a frenzy of killings, beatings and lootings ... Because of the discord a few Cherokees during the early 1840s sought to remove themselves either to Texas or Mexico. The differences between the factions became so great that the United States government was asked at one point to treat each faction as a separate tribe... Finally an end to the strife came in 1846. With United States agents acting as arbitrators, the factions signed an agreement which united them as one nation. But the rift ran too deep to mend with a single paper, and fifteen years later the Cherokees would split again over the white man's Civil War. " (Holm) The Civil War was very distructive with both factions heavily involved. As southern planters, many of the mixed blood ruling class had slaves or advocated slavery. But the primary issue was and continued to be, the New Echota treaty. "The agreements reached after the Civil War between the United States and the two separate delegations from the Cherokee Nation--one composed of the followers of [John] Ross and the other led by [General Stand] Watie--raised the question of the Eastern Band. Completely impoverished by the war, even more so than the Cherokees West, they were not allowed to share in the payments made to the main body of Cherokee people. " (Holm) The Reconstruction continued the struggles with the United States Government and broken promises. This is the period of U.S. history in which the U.S. Government went after permanent solutions to the "Indian" problem. The Cherokee and the other Indian groups in the Indian Territory, were having increasing problems with the Anglo intruders and permitted workers into their lands. This culminated with the dissolving of the reservations policy of the United States government. With the Cherokee this took the form of the Dawes Commission. Angie Debo described the attitude among some of the fullbloods towards the 1906 Dawes Commission, "... They read their treaties and found them reassuring; thus they reasoned, the Dawes Commission had no lawful authority, and the United States would protect them from its illegal acts. They hid from the enrollment parties and refused to select allotments. When members of their tribes were employed to hunt them out and assist in making the selection, they regarded this as the ultimate betrayal; and they indignantly rejected the allotment certificates and land patents ..." (Debo) "The Cherokee irreconcilables threatened bodily harm to any tribal member who would give their names to the enrollment parties, and United States deputy marshals were then sent out to bring them in. Redbird Smith described this experience. 'I was at home enjoying myself in peace when ... I and several other Indians were arrested and taken together to the Muskogee jail for standing up for our rights--my old treaty with the United States Government... On Saturday evening they put me in jail and then they kept me all night in jail and on Sunday morning they let me out, and then they took me to the commissioner's office and made me enroll against my will.' " (Debo) "... As late as 1912 nearly two thousand members of the Cherokee tribe alone refused to claim their allotments ... The Dawes rolls total 101,506 names of men, women, and children [including newborn babies added later] ... The term grafter was universally applied to dealers in Indian lands and was frankly accepted by them. For a generation they monopolized the best land, holding large tracts and leasing it to tenant farmers, who were as helpless as the Indians to break the system... Enterprising scouts gathered up the fullbloods, brought them in [to the Commission], and sold them to the highest bidders among the grafters at ten, twenty-five, or even thirty dollars a head. The grafters then assisted them in making their selections and directed them to sign another paper, which always turned out to be a lease of their 'surplus' and usually carried an illegal contract to sell it as soon as it should become alienable... The grafters also added to their holdings the 'surplus' of the recalcitrants who refused to accept allotments; there was nobody to contest their possession. " (Debo) " Allottees who made their selections without the assistance of grafters were also induced to sign leases carrying sales contracts. .. the shrinkage of Five Tribes holdings from 19,500,000 [1887] to slightly more thatn 1,500,000 acres by 1934 (and most of that worthless, twenty acres of cut-over timber required to support one cow)." (Debo) There were and are many "Native Americans" who made little attempt to maintain their culture in face of the prejudices and discrimination of the Anglo population. Until after the "wild Indian problem" was forcibly solved by the U.S. Government in the late 1800's and after the Osage tribe became rich from petroleum found on their lands, being "Indian" was not something one advertised if possible. Many of the people who lived in and accepted the Anglo culture can be found ONLY in Anglo records. (Keep in mind that these statements *are* generalities and as such, aren't always true for each individual you may be searching for. Also there are many Anglos in Indian records as well.) Not everyone claiming Indian ancestry will be Indian by blood. Most Indian groups adopted children (and adults) from outside the tribe. Frequently these adopted citizens were "war" captives, kidnapped, or slaves. (Yes, some Indian groups including the Cherokee had slaves and the slave could be red, black, or white.) If the "captive" was assimulated into the tribe, he/she could have full rights, ranks, and privileges of citizenship. Also intermarriage frequently was accompanied by citizenship. In the Choctaw, if an Anglo married a Choctaw, then married a second time to a Anglo, he/she would retain their Choctaw citizenship by marriage. And if they lived in the Cherokee Nation, they could be on the Cherokee rolls. When searching for people who could have Indian ancestry, something to keep in mind is, each Indian group has it's own unique problems in the record keeping. The Cherokee were one of the few groups in which there are a number of records available. But then the Cherokee and a few other groups were more likely to have been assimulated in the Anglo culture. Most of the records available on various tribes were compiled by a "hostile" U.S. Government, missionaries and early anthropologist's who accepted their society's current values. How much weight you can give these records is sometimes questionable. Tom Holm on pp. 75-76 accompanying his article produces an excellent suggested reading list on the Cherokee. I also strongly recommend reading Angie Debo's A History of the Indians of the United States and her book, And still the waters run. A brief description of the Cherokee culture ... 'When the English first came to America, a large tribe of Indians, calling themselves the Ke-too-wha, occupied the South Eastern portion of North Ameria ... They have always considered themselves the largest and most powerful Tribe on the Eastern side of the Continent, and have been so acknowledged by the other Tribes... The Cherokee Tribe was divided into seven Clans, or, Families ... The marriage of persons belonging to the same Clan, and of the father's Clan was strictly forbidden; and also marriage was prohibited between relatives by blood. Capital punishment was the penalty for breaking this Law... The mother was the Head of the Family, and the children were called by the name of her Clan...The Cherokees believed in one God, ... They believed in Familiar Spirits, Witch-craft and Conjurers... Conjurors were doctors who, besides curing deseases (sic), were thought to have power to counteract the evil doings of Witches ... " (Wahnenauhi) This was written by Wah-ne-nau-hi whose English name was Mrs. Lucy Lowery Hoyt Keys. She was graduate of the first class to graduate from the Cherokee National Female Seminary at Park Hill [near Tahlequah, OK] (Hall). She was the granddaugther of Major George Lowery (1770?-1852, who served many years as Assistant Principal Chief and fought in the War of 1812). Her paternal grandfather was the Connecticut-born Rev. Ard Hoyt (1770-1829), superintendent of Brainerd Mission from 1818 -1824. Her father, Dr. Milo Hoyt, was also a missionary, as were two of her brothers-in-law, Rev. Amory Nelson Chamberlin (1821-1894), Rev. Hamilton Balentine, and Rev. James Ward (Kilpatrick, Hall). Her manuscript was sent to the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1889, the Bureau published it in their Bulletin 196. Jack Frederick Kilpatrick in his introduction gives this insight to Wah-ne-nau-hi. "In Wahnenauhi's day her planter class of mixbloods--wealthy, educated, and receptive to all the Victorian attitudes of the corresponding stratum in Southern White society-- was set apart from its full-blood tribesmen by formidable barriers. English was its first language, evangelical Christianity its religion, and acculturation its code. The suprising thing is not how much of the old Cherokee culture Wahnenauhi and those of her social class had forgotten, but how much of it they remembered. The Christian missionaries--for the most part men of great force and sagacity--swiftly drove most of the aboriginal culture underground; the ruling mixblood class, engaged in a desperate sturggle for national survival, in the belief that its cause was strengthened in direct ratio to rate of acculturation, seconded missionary efforts with fervor. " (Wahnenauhi) Sources of quotes: Bell, George Morrison, Sr. Genealogy of "Old & new Cherokee Indian families" 1st ed. (Bartlesville, OK : Author, 1972, LC 78- 189676). Blankenship, Bob. Cherokee roots. [1st ed.] (Cherokee, NC : Author, 1978). [Note, he came out with a new ed. 1992] Debo, Angie. A history of the Indians of the United States. [1st ed.]. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. Series: Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 106. LC 73-108802). Hall, Ted Byron. Oklahoma, Indian Territory. (Ft. Worth, TX : American Reference Pub., 1971). Holm, Tom. "Cherokee colonization in Oklahoma." In: America's exiles : Indian colonization in Oklahoma / Arrell Morgan Gibson. (Oklahoma City, OK : Oklahoma Historical Society, 1976. Series: The Oklahoma series, vol. III. LC 76-11417): p. 60-76. Wahnenauhi. "The Wahnenauhi manuscript : historical sketches of the Cherokees, together with some of their customs, traditions, and superstitions" / [Wah-ne-nau-hi (Mrs. Lucy Lowrey Hoyt Keys)] ; edited by Jack Frederick Kilpatrick. Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 196, Anthropological papers, no. 77, p. 175-[217?]; photocopy in files from copy at McFarlin Library, University of Tulsa. (Spec. Coll.). ********************************************************************* SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY ON CHEROKEE INDIANS compiled by Melodie Sanders 26 October 1992 ********************************************************************* This has been compiled as a selective bibilography for genealogists researching Cherokee ancestry. Thus a few general guides on Native American research are included as well as specific guides to Cherokee research. Many of the techniques for searching are common to genealogical research in geneal and are also common to research on other Native American tribes. I have included a section on history. The Oklahoma, Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Indian Territory history and genealogy are also intertwined with the Cherokee Indian history. As most genealogists doing Cherokee research will need to borrow (or purchase) the materials used, I have made an effort to try not to include rare or hard to get materials. If you plan to borrow the materials through Interlibrary Loan, many of these materials are special collections materials at the University of Oklahoma Libraries and University of Tulsa Libraries. I suggest checking the online catalogs through Internet for circulating materials before requesting your library to order them from either of these two libraries. If you wish to purchase, Mary O'Brien Bookshop, 2313 East Admiral Blvd., Tulsa, OK 74110, (918) 587-9338, accepts mail order requests. I will also supply the addresses which are in my files to anyone requesting. General guides and bibliography. Cherokee roots / Bob Blankenship. 2nd ed. (Cherokee, NC : Author, 1992, 2 v.). Contents: v. 1. Eastern Cherokee rolls (includes 1817 Reservation Rolls, 1817-1835 Emigration Roll, 1835 Henderson Roll, 1848 Mullay Roll, 1851 Siler Roll, 1852 Chapman Roll, 1869 Swetland Roll, 1883 Hester Roll, 1908 Churchill Roll, 1909 Guion Miller East, 1924 Baker Roll, Enrollment procedures of Eastern Band -- v. 2. 1851 Old Settler Roll, 1852 Drennen Roll by family name, 1898-1914 combination Dawes and Guion Miller Rolls, Enrollment procedures of the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokees : a critical bibliography. / Raymond D. Fogelson. (Bloomington, Published for the Newberry Library [by] Indiana University Press, 1978. Series: Bibliographical series (Newberry Library. Center for the History of the American Indian). Exploring your Cherokee ancestry : a basic genealogical research guide. / Thomas G. Mooney. (Tahlequah, OK : Cherokee National Historical Society, 1987). The Five Civilized Tribes : a bibliography / Mary Huffman. (Oklahoma City, OK : Library Resources Division, Oklahoma Historical Society, 1991). Guide to records in the National Archives of the United States relating to American Indians. / Edward E. Hill. (Washington, D.C., National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., [1982]). (Doc GS 4.6/2:Am 3). (The rental program edition is under the title: American Indians, and it also maybe a revised edition.) Guide to the historical records of Oklahoma / Bradford Koplowitz. (Bowie, MD : Heritage Books, 1990). Oklahoma history : a bibliography / Mary Huffman, Brian Basore. (Oklahoma City, OK : Library Resources Division, Oklahoma Historical Society, 1991). Our native Americans and their records of genealogical value / E. Kay Kirkham. (Logan, Utah : Everton Publishers, 1980-1984. LC 81-128028; 2 v.). Contents: v. 1. Federal Government records, Oklahoma Historical Society records, Genealogical Society of Utah listings -- v. 2. [without special title] [Using this book with the National Archives catalog on American Indians, will give you citations for most of the major sources of Indian records.] Genealogy Genealogy of "Old & new Cherokee Indian families" / by George Morrison Bell, Sr. 1st ed. (Bartlesville, OK : Author, 1972, LC 78-189676). History of the Cherokee Indians and their legends and folk lore / Emmett Starr. (Oklahoma City, OK : The Warden Co., 1921; reprinted by: New York : Kraus, 1969). Oklahoma, Indian Territory / Ted Byron Hall. (Ft. Worth, TX : American Reference Pub., 1971). Includes advertisement for book.; Index to families in Oklahoma, Indian Territory written by Ted Hall / Index prepared by Melodie Sanders, Dec. 6, 1988. [Note this is more Choctaw than Cherokee Indians]. Old Cherokee families : "Old families and their genealogy" : reprinted from History of the Cherokee Indians and their legends and folk lore / Emmet Starr ; with a comprehensive index compiled by J.J. Hill. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Foundation, 1968. Emmet Starr's original edition was published in 1921). Censuses, rolls, claims, newspapers, journals, and indexes. 1842 Cherokee claims : Saline District / Marybelle W. Chase. (Tulsa, OK : Author, 1988). 1842 Cherokee claims : Tahlequah District / Marybelle W. Chase. (Tulsa, OK : Author 1989). [Note Marybelle Chase has compiled at least 4-5 more Cherokee Nation districts.] 1880 and 1890 census, Canadian District, Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory. / transcribed by Sharron Standifer Ashton. (Oklahoma City, OK : Oklahoma Genealogical Society, 1978. Series: Special publication (Oklahoma Genealogical Society), no. 5.). Cherokee advocate [microform]. Vol. 1, no. 1 (Sept. 26, 1844)- (March 3, 1906). Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, s.n. Weekly. In English and Cherokee (in Cherokee syllabary). Issued with: Cherokee messenger (Aug. 1844-May 1846); Cherokee almanac (1840, 1847, 1855, 1860); Choctaw Baptist hymn book; Choctaw intelligencer (Oct. 15, 1851). Contents: Reel 1. May 1, 1845-June 27, 1877 -- Reel 2. July 4, 1877-June 29, 1883 -- Reel 3. July 6, 1883-Dec. 21, 1901 -- Reel 4. Jan. 4, 1902-March 3, 1906. Suspended publication Sept. 28, 1853- April 22, 1870; Jan. 1875-March 4, 1876. Microform. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma State Historical Society. 4 microfilm reels ; 35 mm.). Cherokee by blood : records of Eastern Cherokee ancestry in the U.S. Court of Claims, 1906-1910 / Jerry Wright Jordon. v.1-<8>. (Bowie, MD : Heritage Books, 1987). v. 1. Applications 1- 1500 -- v. 2. Applications [?] -- v. 3. Applications [?] -- v. 4. Applications [?] -- v. 5. Applications [?] -- v. 6. Applications [?] -- v. 7. Applications [?] -- v. 8. Applications 20101 to 23800. Cited in: Genealogical helper 41:6 (Nov-Dec 1987): 181 ad; 41:5 (Sep-Oct 1987):158 review. Cherokee emigration rolls, 1817-1835. / transcribed by Jack D. Baker. (Oklahoma City, OK : Baker Pub. Co., 1977). Cherokee Nation 1890 census : index of persons living under permit in the Cooweescoowee and Delaware Districts / Rosalie Wagner. (Vinita, OK : Northeastern Oklahoma Genealogical Society, 1986). Cherokee Nation births and deaths, 1884-1901 : abstracted from Indian Chieftain and Daily Chieftain newspapers / by Dixie Bogle. (Vinita, OK : Northeast Oklahoma Genealogical Society, 1980). Cherokee Nation marriages, 1884-1901 : abstracted from Indian Chieftain and Daily Chieftain newspapers / by Dixie Bogle and Dorothy Nix. (Vinita, OK : Abraham Coryell Chapter NSDAR, [1980?]). Cherokee reservees / David Keith Hampton. (Oklahoma City, OK : Baker Pub. Co., 1979); copy at McFarlin Library, University of Tulsa. (E99.C5H23 1979). The Cherokee tracer. v. 1, no. 1 (Winter 1991)- (Tulsa, OK : Marybelle W. Chase, editor and publisher, 1991- Quarterly.). The Chronicles of Oklahoma. 1 (Jan 1921)- (Oklahoma City, OK : Oklahoma Historical Society, Quarterly.) Final rolls of citizens and freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory [microform], (as approved by the Secretary of the Interior on or before March 4, 1907, with supplements dated September 25, 1914) / United States. Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes. (Washington, DC : National Archives, 1961. 3 reels. 35 mm. Series: National Archives microfilm publications, T529). Contents: Reel 1. Choctaw and Chickasaw rolls -- Reel 2. Cherokee rolls -- Reel 3. Creek and Seminole rolls. [Dawes Commission rolls] Genealogical data extracted from "Muskogee weekly phoenix" Indian Territory / compiled by Sheri Siebold. (Muskogee, OK : Muskogee County Genealogical Society, 1985). Contents: v.1. 1888-1892. Index to marriages, First United States Court Northern District, Muskogee, Indian Territory, 1890-1907. (Oklahoma City, OK : Oklahoma Genealogical Society, 1980, Series: Special publication (Oklahoma Genealogical Society) no. 6; LC 83- 150507). v. 1. Marriage Books A, B, B-1, C (5 Jul 1890 - 19 Sep 1894) with abstracts of some marriages and divorces from inventory of Creek and Cherokee National Records, 1869-1894. Index to Payment Roll for Old Settler Cherokee, 1896 / transcribed by Marybelle W. Chase. (Tulsa, OK : Author, 1989). Index to The Cherokee advocate. (Little Rock, AR : American Native Press Archives, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 1987); books in files (2nd-3rd ser.). Contents: 2nd series (1870-1875) -- 3rd series v. 1-3 (1 Mar 1876 - 26 Mar 1879). Index to the final rolls of citizens and freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory [microform]. / The Commission and Commissioner to the Five Civilized Tribes and approved by the Secretary of the Interior on or prior to March 4, 1907. (Muskogee, OK : Phoenix Print. Co., [1907?]. Microfilm. [S.l., s.n., n.d.]. 1 microfilm reel : negative ; 35 mm.). [If memory serves me, this is National Archives film.] The intruders : the illegal residents of the Cherokee Nation, 1866- 1907 / Nancy Hope Sober. (Ponca City, OK : Cherokee Books, 1991. LC 90-84850). Journal of Cherokee studies. Vol. 1 (summer 1976)-. ([Cherokee, N.C.], Museum of the Cherokee Indian. Quarterly). Oklahoma Genealogical Society quarterly. v.6, no.1 (Mar 1961)- (Oklahoma City, OK : Oklahoma Historical Society). Probate records ... Northern District Cherokee Nation / Orpha Jewell Wever ; indexed by Rosalie Wagner. (Vinita, OK : Northeast Oklahoma Genealogical Society, 1982-<1983>). Contents: v. 1. 1892-1904 -- v. 2. 1904-1908. Those who cried, the 16,000, a record of the individual Cherokees listed in the United States official census of the Cherokee Nation conducted in 1835 / James W. Tyner. ([Norman, OK] : Chi-ga-u Inc., 1974). Tulsa annuals. v. 1 (Sep 1966)- (Tulsa, OK : Tulsa Genealogical Society. Three times a year.). History Advancing the frontier, 1830-1860 / Grant Foreman. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, 1933). America's exiles : Indian colonization in Oklahoma / Arrell Morgan Gibson. (Oklahoma City, OK : Oklahoma Historical Society, 1976. Series: The Oklahoma series, vol. III. LC 76-11417). And still the waters run / Angie Debo. (Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1940; reprint in 1984: Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press). Cherokee cavaliers, forty years of Cherokee history as told in the correspondence of the Ridge-Watie-Boudinot family / Edward Everett Dale & Gaston Litton. 1st ed. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, 1939). Series: Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 19). The Cherokee crown of Tannassy. / William O. Steele. (Winston- Salem, N.C. : J. F. Blair Publisher, 1977). The Cherokee Indians and those who came after : notes for a history of Cherokee County, North Carolina, 1835-1860 / Nathaniel C. Browder. [New ed.]. (Hayesville, NC : Browder, 1973 i.e. 1974. LC 74-25553). Cherokee Nation of Indians / Charles C. Royce. (Chicago, IL : Aldine Pub. Co., 1975. Series: Native American Library; A Smithsonian Institution Press Book. LC75-20708). Cherokee removal, before and after / William L. Anderson. (Athens, GA : University of Georgia Press, 1991). Cherokee tragedy : the Ridge family and the decimation of a people / Thurman Wilkins. 2nd ed., rev. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. Series: Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 169. LC 85-20260). The Cherokees / Grace Steele Woodward. [1st ed.]. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, [1963], Series: Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 65. LC 63-8986). Cherokees : an illustrated history / Billy M. Jones and Odie B. Faulk. (Muskogee, OK : The Five Civilized Tribes Museum, 1984). Chief Bowles and the Texas Cherokees / Mary Whatley Clarke. 1st ed. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, 1971. Series: Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 113). The Eastern Band of Cherokees, 1819-1900. / John R. Finger. (Knoxville, TN : University of Tennessee Press, 1984. LC 83- 10284). The Five Civilized Tribes : Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole / Grant Foreman. 1st ed. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, 1934. Series: Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 8). Hard times in Oklahoma : the Depression years / Kenneth E. Hendrickson, Jr. (Oklahoma City, OK : Oklahoma Historical Society, 1983. Series: The Oklahoma Series. LC 83-060262). A history of the Indians of the United States / Angie Debo. [1st ed.]. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. Series: Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 106. LC 73- 108802). Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred formulas of the Cherokees / James Mooney. (Nashville, TN : Charles Elder, Bookseller, 1972. Reprint of 19th and 7th annual reports of Bureau of American Ethnology). New Echota letters / Jack Frederick Kilpatrick and Anna Gritts Kilpatrick. (Dallas, TX : Southern Methodist University Press, 1968. Selections from the newspaper Cherokee phoenix, 1828-33, including contributions of S. A. Worcester and the newspaper's editor, E. Boudinot). Old frontiers, the story of the Cherokee Indians from earliest times to the date of their removal to the West, 1838 / John P. Brown. (Kingsport, TN : Southern Publishers, 1938). The papers of Chief John Ross / edited and with an introduction by Gary E. Moulton. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, 1985. 2 v.). Contents: v. 1. 1807-1839 -- v. 2. 1840-1866. A political history of the Cherokee Nation, 1838-1907 / Morris L. Wardell. 1st ed. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, 1938. Series: Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 17). Red over Black, Black slavery among the Cherokee Indians / R. Halliburton, Jr. (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, 1977. Series: Contributions in Afro-American and African studies, no. 27). The removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia, 1827-1841 / Wilson Lumpkin. (New York, A. M. Kelley, 1971. 2 v. in 1. Reprint of the 1907 ed.). The Texas Cherokees, a people between two fires, 1819-1840 / Dianna Everett. 1st ed. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, 1990. Series: The Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 203. Trail of tears, the rise and fall of the Cherokee nation. / John Ehle. 1st ed. (New York : Doubleday, 1988). "The Wahnenauhi manuscript : historical sketches of the Cherokees, together with some of their customs, traditions, and superstitions" / [Wah-ne-nau-hi (Mrs. Lucy Lowrey Hoyt Keys)] ; edited by Jack Frederick Kilpatrick. Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 196, Anthropological papers, no. 77, p. 175-[217?]. Melodie Sanders Internet: MES@VAX2.UTULSA.EDU Serials Cataloger/Reference Librarian McFarlin Library University of Tulsa (Oklahoma)